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药典十三法
Thirteen Methods
Chinese Pharmacopoeia Categories
分类框架
Classification Framework
现行《中华人民共和国药典》将中药炮制方法归纳为十三类：净制、切制、炒制、炙制、蒸制、煅制、煮制、煨制、发酵、燀法、制霜、水飞、发芽。这是现代法定标准对传统工艺的系统整理，便于质量控制与生产规范。
The current Chinese Pharmacopoeia groups processing methods into thirteen categories: cleaning, cutting, stir-frying, roasting with liquid (zhi), steaming, calcining, boiling, simmering (wei), fermenting, singeing (chan), preparing frost (zhishuang), water-milling (shuifei), and germinating. This is a modern statutory systematisation of traditional techniques for quality control.
十三类一览
The Thirteen Categories
- 净制：去除杂质、非药用部位
- 切制：软化后切成片、段、丝等规格
- 炒制：清炒、加辅料炒（麸、土、米等）
- 炙制：加液体辅料（蜜、酒、醋、盐等）炒
- 蒸制：清蒸或加辅料蒸
- 煅制：明煅、焖煅，多用于矿物药
- 煮制：加水或药汁煮
- 煨制：用湿纸或面裹后埋热灰中
- 发酵：如神曲、淡豆豉
- 燀法：沸水短暂烫后去皮
- 制霜：去油成霜，如巴豆霜
- 水飞：水中研磨取细粉，如朱砂、雄黄
- 发芽：如谷芽、麦芽
- Cleaning (jingzhi): removing impurities and non-medicinal parts
- Cutting (qiezhi): softening then slicing or segmenting
- Stir-frying (chao): plain or with bran, earth, rice, etc.
- Roasting with liquid (zhi): honey, wine, vinegar, salt, etc.
- Steaming (zheng): clear or with auxiliaries
- Calcining (duan): open or sealed, mainly for minerals
- Boiling (zhu): in water or decoction
- Simmering (wei): wrapped and buried in hot ash
- Fermenting: e.g. shenqu, dandouchi
- Singeing (chan): brief scalding then peeling
- Frost (zhishuang): defatting to a frost, e.g. croton frost
- Water-milling (shuifei): grinding in water for fine powder
- Germinating: e.g. rice sprout, malt
以上分类以现行药典为准。传统文献中的名称与操作细节可能与现代标准略有差异，本展厅以文化与工艺传承为叙述重点。
Classification follows the current Pharmacopoeia. Names and operational details in traditional texts may differ slightly from modern standards. This hall focuses on cultural and craft transmission.
主要依据：现行《中华人民共和国药典》炮制通则；相关炮制学教材与工艺史综述。具体品种的法定炮制方法以最新版药典为准。
Main sources: General rules on processing in the current Chinese Pharmacopoeia; textbooks and historical surveys of processing. Statutory methods for specific drugs follow the latest Pharmacopoeia edition.