海外传承 · 捌
Overseas Transmission
OVERSEAS TRANSMISSION
医脉南渡，杏林别枝
The medical current flows abroad, the apricot grove branches anew
当针灸与中医药走出国门，在不同国家与地区留下了各自的历史节点：从十七世纪西方最早的针灸文献记录，到十九、二十世纪个别医家的系统传授，再到当代多个国家建立的行业规范与国际卫生组织的正式认可。以下地图与卡片列出十二段具体史实，均标注信息来源；受篇幅所限，仅收录部分具有代表性的节点，并非完整的海外传播史。
As acupuncture and Chinese medicine travelled beyond their homeland, they left distinct historical traces in different countries and regions — from the earliest Western text on acupuncture in the 17th century, to individual physicians' systematic teaching in the 19th–20th centuries, to national regulatory frameworks and formal recognition by international health bodies in the present day. The map and cards below present twelve specific, sourced historical episodes; due to space, this is a selective, representative account rather than a complete history of overseas transmission.
本展厅所列均为可查证的公开历史事件与制度节点，仅作文化与历史脉络呈现，不构成对各国现行医疗监管制度的评价，亦不代表本站与所列机构存在合作关系。
This hall presents verifiable, publicly documented historical events and regulatory milestones for cultural and historical context only. It does not evaluate any country's current medical regulatory system, nor does it imply any partnership between this site and the institutions listed.
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地图底图：Wikimedia Commons《BlankMap World simple.svg》（公共领域），标注点为示意位置，非精确坐标。英国伦敦（1、2两点）、法国巴黎、德国、瑞士日内瓦因欧洲地理相近而在图上聚集；点击圆点或下方卡片编号可查看对应史实。
Base map: "BlankMap World simple.svg", Wikimedia Commons (public domain). Markers indicate approximate locations, not precise coordinates. London (points 1 and 2), Paris, Germany, and Geneva cluster together on the map due to their real geographic proximity in Europe. Click a dot or the matching card number below to read the corresponding event.
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伦敦：西方最早的针灸专著
London: Earliest Western Text on Acupuncture
United Kingdom
1683年，荷兰医生威廉·坦·莱恩（Willem ten Rhijne）曾任职于荷兰东印度公司驻日本商馆，据其在日本的见闻撰写的《De Acupunctura》在伦敦出版，是西方已知最早系统记述针灸的专题文献。
1683: Dutch physician Willem ten Rhijne, formerly stationed at the Dutch East India Company's trading post in Japan, published De Acupunctura in London — the earliest known Western text to systematically describe acupuncture, based on his observations in Japan.
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伦敦：英国针灸委员会成立
London: British Acupuncture Council Founded
United Kingdom
1995年，五个针灸团体合并成立英国针灸委员会（British Acupuncture Council），成为英国针灸行业规范化与自律管理的代表性机构。
1995: Five acupuncture organisations merged to form the British Acupuncture Council, becoming the UK's representative body for professional standards and self-regulation in acupuncture.
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巴黎：法国针灸的系统传授
Paris: Systematic Teaching of Acupuncture in France
France
1929年起，曾任法国驻华外交官的苏里耶·德·莫朗（George Soulié de Morant）在法国系统传授针灸理论与技法，撰有《中国针灸术》，被称为"法国针灸之父"。
From 1929, George Soulié de Morant, a former French diplomat in China, began systematically teaching acupuncture theory and technique in France and authored L'Acuponcture Chinoise; he is often called "the father of French acupuncture."
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内华达州：美国首个针灸合法化的州
Nevada: First U.S. State to Legalise Acupuncture
United States
1971年，《纽约时报》记者詹姆斯·赖斯顿在北京因阑尾炎手术后接受针灸镇痛治疗，回国后撰文报道，引发美国公众对针灸的关注；1973年，内华达州率先立法，成为美国第一个将针灸合法化并建立执业许可制度的州。
In 1971, New York Times journalist James Reston received acupuncture for post-surgical pain relief in Beijing and wrote about the experience, drawing U.S. public attention to acupuncture; in 1973, Nevada became the first U.S. state to legalise acupuncture and establish a licensing system for practitioners.
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新加坡：中医师注册制度
Singapore: TCM Practitioner Registration
Singapore
2000年，新加坡国会通过《中医师法案》（Traditional Chinese Medicine Practitioners Act），建立中医师注册制度，所有执业中医师须向中医管理委员会注册。
In 2000, Singapore's Parliament passed the Traditional Chinese Medicine Practitioners Act, establishing a registration system requiring all practising TCM practitioners to register with the TCM Practitioners Board.
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澳大利亚：中医纳入国家职业注册体系
Australia: Chinese Medicine in National Registration
Australia
2012年7月1日起，中医（含针灸）在澳大利亚正式纳入全国性职业注册体系（National Registration and Accreditation Scheme），是西方国家中首个将中医整体纳入国家级职业监管框架的先例；此前，中医仅在维多利亚州（2000年起）单独立法规管。
From 1 July 2012, Chinese medicine (including acupuncture) became part of Australia's National Registration and Accreditation Scheme — the first instance among Western nations of Chinese medicine as a whole being brought into a national occupational regulatory framework. Prior to this, it had been separately regulated only in Victoria (from 2000).
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北京：WHO研讨会与世界中联成立
Beijing: WHO Symposium & WFCMS Founding
China
1979年6月，世界卫生组织在北京召开针灸学术研讨会，与会专家拟定了43种适宜针灸治疗的病症清单；2003年9月25日，世界中医药学会联合会（World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies）在北京成立，是与世界卫生组织建立正式工作关系的国际性中医药学术组织。
In June 1979, the WHO held an acupuncture symposium in Beijing, where participating experts drew up a list of 43 conditions considered suitable for acupuncture treatment; on 25 September 2003, the World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies was founded in Beijing, an international academic organisation holding formal working relations with the WHO.
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日内瓦：传统医学纳入ICD-11
Geneva: Traditional Medicine in ICD-11
Switzerland
2019年5月25日，第72届世界卫生大会在日内瓦审议通过《国际疾病分类第十一次修订本》（ICD-11），首次纳入起源于中医药的传统医学章节。
On 25 May 2019, the 72nd World Health Assembly in Geneva adopted the 11th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), which for the first time included a supplementary chapter on traditional medicine originating from Chinese medicine.
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德国：针灸纳入法定医保报销
Germany: Acupuncture Covered by Statutory Health Insurance
Germany
2007年，德国联邦联合委员会（G-BA）经过大规模临床对照研究（ART、GERAC 等项目）后，将针灸纳入法定医疗保险（GKV）可报销的医疗服务目录，适用于慢性腰痛与膝关节骨性关节炎等适应症，是欧洲国家将针灸正式纳入公共医保体系的代表性案例。
In 2007, following large-scale controlled clinical trials (including the ART and GERAC studies), Germany's Federal Joint Committee (G-BA) added acupuncture to the statutory health insurance (GKV) benefits catalogue for conditions such as chronic low back pain and knee osteoarthritis — a representative case of a European country formally incorporating acupuncture into its public health insurance system.
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加拿大安大略省：中医针灸立法规管
Ontario, Canada: TCM & Acupuncture Regulated by Law
Canada
2006年，加拿大安大略省通过《中医法》（Traditional Chinese Medicine Act, 2006），设立安大略省中医师及针灸师管理局（College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Practitioners and Acupuncturists of Ontario），中医与针灸自此在该省成为受法律保护的注册医疗职业。
In 2006, the Canadian province of Ontario passed the Traditional Chinese Medicine Act, establishing the College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Practitioners and Acupuncturists of Ontario; TCM and acupuncture became a legally protected, regulated health profession in the province.
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日本：汉方制剂纳入国民健康保险
Japan: Kampo Formulations Covered by National Health Insurance
Japan
1967年，日本首批4种源于中国传统方剂的"汉方"制剂被纳入国民健康保险报销目录，此后逐步扩大，目前共148种汉方制剂列入保险给付范围，是中医方剂在东亚邻国实现现代医保体系化的代表案例。
In 1967, the first four Kampo formulations — traditional herbal medicines derived from classical Chinese prescriptions — were included in Japan's National Health Insurance reimbursement list; coverage has since expanded to 148 Kampo formulations, a representative case of such formulas becoming systematically integrated into a modern national insurance system in a neighbouring East Asian country.
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日本：汉方医学复兴运动
Japan: The Kampo Medicine Revival Movement
Japan
1927年，日本医家汤本求真（1876-1941，师从倡导汉方的和田启十郎）自费出版《皇汉医学》一书，系统整理《伤寒论》等中国古典医籍的临床应用，成为20世纪初日本西学汉运动的代表著作，该书自1930年起三次译入中国，直接影响了恽铁樵、胡希恕等近现代中国医家的治学路径。1929年起，大塚敬節（1900-1980）辞去原有西医执业，赴东京拜入汤本求真门下学习汉方，后于1934年创立日本汉方医学会，1950年参与创立日本东洋医学会，被视为昭和时期日本汉方医学复兴运动的主要推手之一，1978年获日本医师会最高优功赏，是首位以东洋医学领域获此奖项的医师。
In 1927, Japanese physician Tomomoto Kyushin (1876-1941), who had studied under Kampo advocate Wada Keijuro, self-published Kokan Igaku (Chinese-Japanese Medicine), a systematic clinical treatise on classical Chinese medical texts such as the Shanghan Lun. The book became a representative work of the early-20th-century movement of Western-trained physicians turning to Kampo in Japan, and was translated into Chinese three times from 1930 onward, directly influencing the scholarly paths of modern Chinese physicians including Yun Tieqiao and Hu Xishu. From 1929, Otsuka Keisetsu (1900-1980) gave up his existing Western medical practice and went to Tokyo to study Kampo medicine under Tomomoto; he went on to found the Japan Society of Kampo Medicine in 1934 and helped establish the Japan Society for Oriental Medicine in 1950, and is regarded as one of the principal figures behind the Showa-era revival of Kampo medicine. In 1978 he received the Japan Medical Association's highest merit award, the first physician in the field of Oriental medicine to do so.
规模速览：并非十二段史实能完全覆盖
Scale in Brief: Beyond What These Episodes Can Show
以上十二段史实仅是若干"有明确年份、可查证来源"的代表性节点，中医药海外传播的实际规模远大于此：据世界中医药学会联合会（WFCMS）官网，截至2026年5月，该会已拥有78个国家和地区的307家团体会员、187个分支机构；据中国国务院新闻办《中国的中医药》白皮书，中医药已传播至183个国家和地区；另据国家中医药管理局2018年公开报道引述的世界卫生组织统计，103个世卫组织会员国认可使用针灸，其中29个设有传统医学相关法律法规。这些均为规模性统计数据，无法逐条标注具体年代与事件，故未单独列为地图节点，仅在此作补充说明。
The twelve episodes above are only a selection of representative milestones with clear dates and verifiable sources — the actual scale of Chinese medicine's overseas spread is considerably larger. According to the official website of the World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies (WFCMS), as of May 2026 it had 307 group members and 187 branch organisations across 78 countries and regions; according to China's State Council Information Office white paper "Traditional Chinese Medicine in China," TCM has spread to 183 countries and regions; and according to a 2018 report by China's National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine citing WHO statistics, 103 WHO member states recognise the use of acupuncture, 29 of which have specific laws or regulations on traditional medicine. These are aggregate statistics rather than dated individual events, so they are not presented as separate map markers — they are included here as supplementary context.
关于谱系数据库
Regarding the Lineage Archive
本站师承谱系数据库目前收录的师承记录以国内古代、近代、当代医家为主，尚未系统收录海外中医传承谱系；库中与"海外"相关联的记录目前仅一条个案（编号 LIN-0012，现任澳大利亚中医科学院首席研究员），不构成对海外中医传承的系统性统计，谨此说明，避免误读。
The Lineage Archive currently focuses on physicians in ancient, modern, and contemporary China, and has not yet systematically catalogued overseas lineages. Only one record in the database is currently associated with "overseas" practice (ID LIN-0012, a chief researcher at the Australian Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences) — a single case, not a systematic account of overseas transmission. This is noted here to avoid misunderstanding.